# APPENDIX: Equivalents, Substitutions, & Terms

# Equivalents
<span class="contributed">Jump to [Substitutions](#substitutions) | [Terms](#terms)</span>

| **If a Recipe Calls for This Amount** | **You Also Can Measure It This Way** |
| ------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ |
| 1 tablespoon                          | 3 teaspoons or 1/2 ounce             |
| 2 tablespoons                         | 1 ounce                              |
| 1/4 cup                               | 4 tablespoons or 2 ounces            |
| 1/3 cup                               | 5 tablespoons plus 1 teaspoon        |
| 1/2 cup                               | 8 tablespoons or 4 ounces            |
| 1 cup                                 | 16 tablespoons or 8 ounces           |
| 1 pint                                | 2 cups or 16 ounces or 1 pound       |
| 1 quart                               | 4 cups or 2 pints                    |
| 1 gallon                              | 4 quarts                             |
| 1 pound                               | 16 ounces                            |

# Substitutions <span style="font-size:small;color:#777;font-weight:400;">Use landscape orientation on mobile</span>

<span class="contributed">Jump to [Equivalents](#equivalents) | [Terms](#terms)</span>

| **Ingredient**                   | **Amount**                        | **Substitution**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
| -------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Allspice                         | 1 teaspoon                        | 1/2 teaspoon cinnamon, 1/4 teaspoon ginger, and 1/4 teaspoon cloves                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              |
| Baking mix                       | 1 cup                             | 1 cup pancake mix **OR** 1 cup [Biscuit Mixture](http://allrecipes.com/Recipe/Easy-Biscuit-Mixture/Detail.aspx)                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
| Baking powder                    | 1 teaspoon                        | 1/4 teaspoon baking soda plus 1/2 teaspoon cream of tartar **OR** 1/4 teaspoon baking soda plus 1/2 cup buttermilk (decrease liquid in recipe by 1/2 cup)                                                                                                                                                        |
| Brandy                           | 1/4 cup                           | 1 teaspoon imitation brandy extract plus enough water to make 1/4 cup                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |
| Bread crumbs                     | 1 cup                             | 1 cup cracker crumbs **OR** 1 cup matzo meal **OR** 1 cup ground oats                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |
| Broth: beef or chicken           | 1 cup                             | 1 bouillon cube plus 1 cup boiling water **OR** 1 tablespoon soy sauce plus enough water to make 1 cup **OR** 1 cup vegetable broth                                                                                                                                                                              |
| Brown sugar                      | 1 cup, packed                     | 1 cup white sugar plus 1/4 cup molasses and decrease the liquid in recipe by 1/4 cup **OR** 1 cup white sugar **OR** 1 1/4 cups confectioners' sugar                                                                                                                                                             |
| Buttermilk                       | 1 cup                             | 1 cup yogurt **OR** 1 tablespoon lemon juice or vinegar plus enough milk to make 1 cup                                                                                                                                                                                                                           |
| Cheddar cheese                   | 1 cup shredded                    | 1 cup shredded Colby cheddar **OR** 1 cup shredded Monterey Jack cheese                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          |
| Chocolate(semisweet)             | 1 ounce                           | 1 (1-ounce) square of unsweetened chocolate plus 4 teaspoons sugar **OR** 1 ounce semisweet chocolate chips plus 1 teaspoon shortening                                                                                                                                                                           |
| Chocolate (unsweetened)          | 1 ounce                           | 3 tablespoons unsweetened cocoa plus 1 tablespoon shortening or vegetable oil                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
| Cocoa                            | 1/4 cup                           | 1 (1-ounce) square unsweetened chocolate                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |
| Condensed cream of mushroom soup | 1 (10.75-ounce) can               | 1 (10.75-ounce) can condensed cream of celery, cream of chicken, **OR** golden mushroom soup                                                                                                                                                                                                                     |
| Corn syrup                       | 1 cup                             | 1 1/4 cup white sugar plus 1/3 cup water **OR** 1 cup honey **OR** 1 cup light treacle syrup                                                                                                                                                                                                                     |
| Cracker crumbs                   | 1 cup                             | 1 cup bread crumbs **OR** 1 cup matzo meal **OR** 1 cup ground oats                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              |
| Cream (half and half)            | 1 cup                             | 7/8 cup milk plus 1 tablespoon butter                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |
| Cream (heavy)                    | 1 cup                             | 1 cup evaporated milk **OR** 3/4 cup milk plus 1/3 cup butter                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
| Cream (light)                    | 1 cup                             | 1 cup evaporated milk **OR** 3/4 cup milk plus 3 tablespoons butter                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              |
| Cream (whipped)                  | 1 cup                             | 1 cup frozen whipped topping, thawed                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             |
| Cream cheese                     | 1 cup                             | 1 cup pureed cottage cheese **OR** 1 cup plain yogurt, strained overnight in a cheesecloth                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |
| Cream of tartar                  | 1 teaspoon                        | 2 teaspoons lemon juice or vinegar                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               |
| Egg                              | 1 whole (3 tablespoons or 1.7 oz) | 2 1/2 tablespoons of powdered egg substitute plus 2 1/2 tablespoons water **OR**1/4 cup liquid egg substitute **OR** 1/4 cup silken tofu pureed **OR** 3 tablespoons mayonnaise **OR** half a banana mashed with 1/2 teaspoon baking powder **OR** 1 tablespoon powdered flax seed soaked in 3 tablespoons water |
| Evaporated milk                  | 1 cup                             | 1 cup light cream                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                |
| Fats for baking                  | 1 cup                             | 1 cup applesauce **OR** 1 cup fruit puree                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| Flour--Bread                     | 1 cup                             | 1 cup all-purpose flour plus 1 teaspoon wheat gluten (available at health food stores & some markets)                                                                                                                                                                                                            |
| Flour--Cake                      | 1 cup                             | 1 cup all-purpose flour minus 2 tablespoons                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
| Flour--Self-Rising               | 1 cup                             | 7/8 cup all-purpose flour plus 1 1/2 teaspoons baking powder and 1/2 teaspoon of salt                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |
| Garlic                           | 1 clove                           | 1/8 teaspoon garlic powder **OR** 1/2 teaspoon granulated garlic **OR** 1/2 teaspoon garlic salt--reduce salt in recipe                                                                                                                                                                                          |
| Green onion                      | 1/2 cup , chopped                 | 1/2 cup chopped onion, **OR** 1/2 cup chopped leek **OR** 1/2 cup chopped shallots                                                                                                                                                                                                                               |
| Herbs--fresh                     | 1 tablespoon chopped fresh        | 1 teaspoon (chopped or whole leaf) dried herbs                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |
| Honey                            | 1 cup                             | 1 1/4 cup white sugar plus 1/3 cup water **OR** 1 cup corn syrup **OR** 1 cup light treacle syrup                                                                                                                                                                                                                |
| Hot pepper sauce                 | 1 teaspoon                        | 3/4 teaspoon cayenne pepper plus 1 teaspoon vinegar                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              |
| Ketchup                          | 1 cup                             | 1 cup tomato sauce plus 1 teaspoon vinegar plus 1 tablespoon sugar                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               |
| Lemon juice                      | 1 teaspoon                        | 1/2 teaspoon vinegar **OR** 1 teaspoon white wine **OR** 1 teaspoon lime juice                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |
| Lemon zest                       | 1 teaspoon                        | 1/2 teaspoon lemon extract **OR** 2 tablespoons lemon juice                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
| Lime juice                       | 1 teaspoon                        | 1 teaspoon vinegar **OR** 1 teaspoon white wine **OR** 1 teaspoon lemon juice                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
| Lime zest                        | 1 teaspoon                        | 1 teaspoon lemon zest                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |
| Mace                             | 1 teaspoon                        | 1 teaspoon nutmeg                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                |
| Mayonnaise                       | 1 cup                             | 1 cup sour cream **OR** 1 cup plain yogurt                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |
| Milk--whole                      | 1 cup                             | 1 cup soy milk **OR** 1 cup rice milk **OR** 1 cup water or juice **OR** 1/4 cup dry milk powder plus 1 cup water **OR** 2/3 cup evaporated milk plus 1/3 cup water                                                                                                                                              |
| Mint--fresh                      | 1/4 cup chopped                   | 1 tablespoon dried mint leaves                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |
| Molasses                         | 1 cup                             | Mix 3/4 cup brown sugar and 1 teaspoon cream of tartar                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           |
| Mustard--prepared                | 1 tablespoon                      | Mix together 1 tablespoon dried mustard, 1 teaspoon water, 1 teaspoon vinegar and 1 teaspoon sugar                                                                                                                                                                                                               |
| Onion                            | 1 cup, chopped                    | 1 cup chopped green onions **OR** 1 cup chopped shallots **OR** 1 cup chopped leeks **OR** 1/4 cup dried minced onion **OR** 1/4 cup onion powder                                                                                                                                                                |
| Orange juice                     | 1 tablespoon                      | 1 tablespoon other citrus juice                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
| Orange zest                      | 1 tablespoon                      | 1/2 teaspoon orange extract **OR** 1 teaspoon lemon juice                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| Parmesan cheese                  | 1/2 cup, grated                   | 1/2 cup grated Asiago cheese **OR** 1/2 cup grated Romano cheese                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
| Parsley                          | 1 tablespoon chopped fresh        | 1 tablespoon chopped fresh chervil **OR** 1 teaspoon dried parsley                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               |
| Raisin                           | 1 cup                             | 1 cup dried currants **OR** 1 cup dried cranberries **OR** 1 cup chopped pitted prunes                                                                                                                                                                                                                           |
| Rice--white                      | 1 cup, cooked                     | 1 cup cooked barley **OR** 1 cup cooked bulgur **OR** 1 cup cooked brown or wild rice                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |
| Ricotta                          | 1 cup                             | 1 cup dry cottage cheese **OR** 1 cup silken tofu                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                |
| Rum                              | 1 tablespoon                      | 1/2 teaspoon rum extract, plus enough water to make 1 tablespoon                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
| Saffron                          | 1/4 teaspoon                      | 1/4 teaspoon turmeric                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |
| Semisweet chocolate chips        | 1 cup                             | 1 cup chocolate candies **OR** 1 cup peanut butter or other flavored chips **OR** 1 cup chopped nuts **OR** 1 cup chopped dried fruit                                                                                                                                                                            |
| Shallots, chopped                | 1/2 cup                           | 1/2 cup chopped onion, **OR** 1/2 cup chopped leek **OR** 1/2 cup chopped green onion                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |
| Sour cream                       | 1 cup                             | 1 cup plain yogurt **OR** 1 tablespoon lemon juice or vinegar plus enough cream to make 1 cup **OR** 3/4 cup buttermilk mixed with 1/3 cup butter                                                                                                                                                                |
| Sour milk                        | 1 cup                             | 1 tablespoon vinegar or lemon juice mixed with milk to make 1 cup: Let stand 5 minutes to thicken                                                                                                                                                                                                                |
| Soy sauce                        | 1/2 cup                           | 4 tablespoons Worcestershire sauce mixed with 1 tablespoon water                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
| Stock--beef or chicken           | 1 cup                             | 1 cube beef or chicken bouillon dissolved in 1 cup water                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |
| Sweetened condensed milk         | 1 (14-ounce) can                  | 3/4 cup white sugar mixed with 1/2 cup water and 1 1/8 cups dry powdered milk: Bring to a boil and cook, stirring frequently, until thickened, about 20 minutes                                                                                                                                                  |
| Vegetable oil--for baking        | 1 cup                             | 1 cup applesauce **OR** 1 cup fruit puree                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| Vegetable oil--for frying        | 1 cup                             | 1 cup lard **OR** 1 cup vegetable shortening                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     |
| Vinegar                          | 1 teaspoon                        | 1 teaspoon lemon or lime juice **OR** 2 teaspoons white wine                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     |
| Wine                             | 1 cup                             | 1 cup chicken or beef broth **OR** 1 cup fruit juice mixed with 2 teaspoons vinegar **OR** 1 cup water                                                                                                                                                                                                           |
| Yeast-active dry                 | 1 (.25-ounce) package             | 1 cake compressed yeast **OR** 2 1/2 teaspoons active dry yeast **OR** 2 1/2 teaspoons rapid rise yeast                                                                                                                                                                                                          |
| Yogurt                           | 1 cup                             | 1 cup sour cream **OR** 1 cup buttermilk **OR** 1 cup sour milk                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |

# Terms
<span class="contributed">Jump to [Equivalents](#equivalents) | [Substitutions](#substitutions)</span>
## A
A La Mode – In the US, a food that is served with ice cream

All Purpose Flour – a powdery wheat or grain substance used in many aspects of cooking and baking

Artificial Vanilla – a man made substance used in baking to produce a natural vanilla flavor

## B
Baker’s Dozen – Another term for long dozen, 13, or one more than a standard dozen

Batter – A measure of liquid, flour, and a number of other possible ingredients that are thin enough to pour

Beat – To combine multiple ingredients to which you combine air by stirring in a circular motion with a whisk, wooden spoon, food processor, or electric mixer

Blanch – To cook food partially by placing it in boiling water for a brief period, and immediately transferring it to cold water for cooling

Blend – To combine multiple ingredients until smooth using a spoon, whisk, rubber spatula, or an electric mixer

Boil – To heat a liquid (usually water) until it is hot enough that bubbles begin to appear
 
## C
Caramelize – To heat sugar to a point where it melts and becomes brown

Cocoa Powder – A fine, brown powder made from crushed up cocoa (the bean that chocolate comes from), and used as a flavoring

Combine – To mix together two or more ingredients

Confectioners’ Sugar – Also referred to as powdered sugar, it is a refined sugar, finely ground into a white, easily dissolved powder

Cream – To beat multiple ingredients (usually butter, sugar, and eggs) until they are smooth and fluffy

## D
Dash – A very small measurement, normally less than 1/8 teaspoon

Dice – To cut any given type of food into small cubes

Dolci – An Italian term that means a dish is sweet

Dough – A thick, soft mixture of liquids, flour, and any number of other ingredients

Dust – To sprinkle lightly with a topping such as flour, sugar, cocoa, or cinnamon

## E
Elastic – When an ingredient such as dough returns to it's original shape after being stretched

## F
Flour – A powdery substance made by milling wheat and other types of grains

Flute – To press a decorative pattern into the edge of a pastry

Fold-in – The process of combining a heavy ingredient, such as beaten egg whites, with a lighter ingredient, such as whipped cream, without losing any air in the ingredients

Frost – To coat baked goods such as cakes, and cookies in a sugar mixture

## G
Glaze – To coat food with a liquid substance, such as thin icing

Grate – To shred food, either with the use of a food processor or a hand held grater

## I
Icing – Another name for frosting, a sugary mixture used to cover cakes, cookies, and other foods
 
## K
Knead – To push and fold dough until it has a smooth, elastic texture

## L
Layer Cake – Multiple levels of cake with a filling such as frosting in between

Level – To make even and flat, for instance many recipes call for a cup of leveled flour

Lukewarm – The temperature (normally referring to a liquid) that is neither cold nor hot

## M
Marble – The process of swirling two different ingredients together such as chocolate and vanilla cake batter

Measure – The quantity of any given item, common measurements in baking include cups, teaspoons, and tablespoons

Mix – To stir two or more ingredients together until they are thoroughly combined

## P

Preheat – To heat an oven to a desired temperature before placing it in the oven to cook
Proof – To allow the yeast in dough to cause it to rise before baking, or to dissolve yeast in a warm liquid until it becomes bubbly and starts to expand

## R
Rolling Boil – To cook a liquid to the point where it appears to be rolling around the pot (faster than a normal boil)

Room Temperature – Another term for lukewarm, when an ingredient is neither hot nor cold

## S
Score – To cut a slit into food with a knife

Sift – To remove lumps, blend, and aerate ingredients like baking powder, flour, and confectioners’ sugar

Steam – To cook food in a wire basket or on a rack over boiling water

Steep – To let food stand in very hot water to extract the flavor (this is how tea is prepared)

## T
Tablespoon – a measure of volume or amount used in cooking, 1 
Tablespoon = 3 Teaspoons
 
Teaspoon – a measure of volume or amount used in cooking, 3 Teaspoons = 1 Tablespoon

Toss – To combine multiple ingredients using two utensils and a lifting motion

## W
Whip – To beat rapidly and incorporate air into a mixture with a spoon, or electric mixer

Whisk – a utensil used in cooking, made of wire loops for beating and whipping ingredients

## Z
Zest - The grated peel of a citrus fruit, such as lemons and oranges
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<span style="font-size:small">Chapters: [APPETIZERS](./appetizers), [BEVERAGES](./beverages), [BREADS & CRACKERS](./bread-and-crackers), [BREAKFAST DISHES ](./breakfast-dishes), [CAKES, PIES, & COBBLERS](./cakes-pies-and-cobblers), [CANDY & POPCORN](./candy-and-popcorn), [COOKIES, BARS, & BROWNIES](./cookies-bars-and-brownies), [FROSTING & ICING](./frosting-and-icing), [MAIN DISHES](./main-dishes), [MISCELLANEOUS](./miscellaneous), [MIXES & BLENDS](./mixes-and-blends), [MUFFINS & SCONES](./muffins-and-scones), [SALADS](./salads), [SAUCES & DIPS](./sauces-and-dips), [SOUPS, STEWS, & CHILIS](./soups-stews-and-chilis), [VEGETABLES](./vegetables)</span>